
No pre-race storylines were written for this race.
| Driver | St | Form index▼ | This trackAvg finish | ·Wins | ·Top 5 | ·Top 10 | ·Avg start | ·Laps led % | ·Rating | ·Avg running pos | ·Pace rank | ·Fire-off rank | ·Long-run rank | ·vs teammates | ·Make wins | SimilarAvg finish | ·Pace rank | FormLast 5 avg | ·% off best (5) | ·Trend | ·Avg start | ·Consistency | ·Comeback | ·Stage pts/race | ·Closing | ·Passes/race | ·Quality pass % | ·Top-10 laps % | Pit & restartsRestart gain | ·Pit avg | ·Pit rank | ErrorsPenalties/race | ·Errors/race | ·DNF % | PlayoffsPoints | ·Last visit | ·Career here |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24William ByronP | 9 | 69 | 11.610 | 110 | 210 | 610 | 8.410 | 9.3%10 | — | 8.710 | 5.99 | 5.99 | 6.19 | -1.410 | 69 | 11.012 | 9.512 | 11.85 | 0.45%5 | -17.36 | 9.332 | 12.132 | -4.632 | 6.632 | -0.1931 | 142.731 | 51.9%31 | 54.3%32 | +0.5132 | 13.41s31 | 10.631 | 0.1932 | 0.1332 | 12.5%32 | 3,1561 | 2024: P10 from 4 · led 15 · 1.46% off | 13 st · 1 W · best P1 · avg 15.1 |
| 5Kyle LarsonP | 5 | 68 | 8.110 | 310 | 510 | 810 | 5.810 | 22.5%10 | — | 8.910 | 3.68 | 3.68 | 4.18 | -8.710 | 69 | 20.212 | 6.312 | 8.85 | 0.61%5 | -6.36 | 9.331 | 12.831 | -4.331 | 9.531 | -1.1730 | 128.030 | 57.2%30 | 68.5%31 | +0.5430 | 13.44s29 | 14.329 | 0.3231 | 0.2331 | 16.1%31 | 3,1471 | 2024: P1 from 2 · led 181 · 0.78% off | 12 st · 3 W · best P1 · avg 7.2 |
| 11Denny HamlinP | 4 | 65 | 10.610 | 110 | 410 | 610 | 13.310 | 14.7%10 | — | 8.510 | 5.99 | 6.19 | 6.09 | -1.710 | 19 | 12.912 | 6.112 | 11.85 | 1.09%5 | -6.36 | 11.432 | 12.032 | -3.432 | 8.032 | -1.6131 | 129.731 | 50.5%31 | 69.1%32 | -0.2031 | 14.32s30 | 14.730 | 0.4132 | 0.1632 | 12.5%32 | 3,1011 | 2024: P8 from 28 · led 16 · 1.27% off | 13 st · 1 W · best P1 · avg 12.7 |
| 20Christopher BellP | 1 | 65 | 19.19 | 09 | 29 | 49 | 11.79 | 3.9%9 | — | 16.49 | 13.09 | 14.39 | 12.19 | +7.27 | 19 | 11.112 | 10.312 | 6.85 | 0.42%5 | -2.76 | 11.832 | 13.432 | -1.632 | 6.732 | +2.3531 | 124.931 | 49.8%31 | 56.2%32 | +0.4532 | 13.50s31 | 13.231 | 0.4432 | 0.2532 | 18.8%32 | 3,1401 | 2024: P33 from 10 · 2.19% off | 9 st · 0 W · best P2 · avg 19.1 |
| 9Chase ElliottP | 18 | 64 | 15.010 | 010 | 210 | 410 | 12.310 | 6.6%10 | — | 11.410 | 12.08 | 12.18 | 12.58 | +2.510 | 69 | 10.312 | 13.212 | 12.85 | 0.60%5 | +4.76 | 12.032 | 7.932 | +0.332 | 6.332 | -0.3531 | 152.931 | 49.2%31 | 53.6%32 | +0.2432 | 13.96s31 | 11.331 | 0.3132 | 0.0332 | 3.1%32 | 3,1081 | 2024: P12 from 11 · 1.65% off | 12 st · 0 W · best P2 · avg 18.3 |
| 19Martin Truex Jr. | 12 | 62 | 7.310 | 110 | 310 | 910 | 11.010 | 2.1%10 | — | 8.110 | 6.29 | 10.29 | 5.49 | -6.110 | 19 | 20.412 | 11.511 | 15.85 | 0.73%5 | -14.76 | 13.432 | 10.832 | -4.032 | 6.532 | -2.1331 | 129.631 | 46.5%31 | 56.0%32 | +0.3331 | 13.74s30 | 15.330 | 0.3832 | 0.1332 | 9.4%32 | 2,1451 | 2024: P7 from 7 · led 4 · 1.11% off | 13 st · 1 W · best P1 · avg 6.8 |
| 48Alex BowmanP | 3 | 60 | 14.110 | 110 | 310 | 410 | 12.710 | 1.0%10 | — | 11.410 | 6.68 | 8.18 | 5.68 | +2.810 | 69 | 15.912 | 18.112 | 17.45 | 0.62%5 | +9.36 | 14.532 | 11.032 | -0.932 | 4.732 | -0.2331 | 146.631 | 46.1%31 | 40.9%32 | +0.4332 | 12.19s31 | 12.431 | 0.2832 | 0.0632 | 9.4%32 | 3,1031 | 2024: P18 from 23 · led 3 · 1.68% off | 12 st · 1 W · best P1 · avg 14.7 |
| 12Ryan BlaneyP | 37 | 59 | 11.910 | 010 | 410 | 610 | 11.810 | 2.9%10 | — | 9.510 | 5.99 | 9.09 | 5.39 | -0.810 | 29 | 18.812 | 10.411 | 19.45 | 0.37%5 | +2.06 | 12.132 | 13.032 | -3.832 | 7.732 | -0.9431 | 126.831 | 57.5%31 | 57.7%31 | +0.1330 | 12.73s29 | 13.829 | 0.4531 | 0.1932 | 21.9%32 | 3,1121 | 2024: P3 from 15 · 1.25% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P3 · avg 11.6 |
| 1Ross Chastain | 7 | 59 | 16.310 | 010 | 410 | 410 | 19.110 | 5.7%10 | — | 16.610 | 11.68 | 9.58 | 13.48 | -3.89 | 69 | 14.512 | 12.112 | 16.65 | 0.61%5 | +14.06 | 16.132 | 10.132 | +1.432 | 3.132 | -0.4831 | 133.031 | 50.8%31 | 37.2%32 | +0.4432 | 13.96s31 | 16.531 | 0.2532 | 0.1932 | 12.5%32 | 8201 | 2024: P4 from 20 · led 2 · 1.56% off | 12 st · 0 W · best P2 · avg 17.7 |
| 6Brad Keselowski | 17 | 58 | 10.710 | 010 | 310 | 510 | 14.910 | 2.9%10 | — | 14.110 | 14.19 | 15.29 | 14.39 | -3.410 | 29 | 13.912 | 10.312 | 19.85 | 1.04%5 | -8.06 | 18.732 | 10.732 | +3.532 | 4.632 | -2.3231 | 158.431 | 44.1%31 | 36.1%32 | +0.2432 | 13.74s31 | 15.531 | 0.3432 | 0.1332 | 6.3%32 | 2,1191 | 2024: P13 from 25 · 2.01% off | 13 st · 1 W · best P1 · avg 8.9 |
| 22Joey LoganoP | 10 | 58 | 11.610 | 210 | 210 | 510 | 7.810 | 7.8%10 | — | 10.910 | 10.09 | 9.69 | 10.09 | -1.310 | 29 | 13.812 | 17.812 | 19.65 | 0.73%5 | +3.76 | 12.032 | 11.332 | -6.032 | 5.132 | -1.3531 | 128.631 | 55.2%31 | 45.5%32 | -0.1232 | 13.67s31 | 15.331 | 0.4732 | 0.2232 | 18.8%32 | 3,0941 | 2024: P9 from 1 · led 2 · 1.55% off | 13 st · 3 W · best P1 · avg 9.8 |
| 17Chris Buescher | 22 | 58 | 18.210 | 010 | 010 | 110 | 18.110 | 0.5%10 | — | 20.810 | 18.89 | 18.69 | 22.08 | 0.010 | 29 | 15.512 | 11.412 | 12.05 | 0.71%5 | -2.06 | 17.932 | 9.332 | +3.832 | 2.832 | +2.2931 | 148.431 | 43.4%31 | 32.3%32 | +0.5432 | 15.18s31 | 20.030 | 0.3132 | 0.1332 | 6.3%32 | 8301 | 2024: P37 from 9 · led 2 · 0.00% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P9 · avg 17.7 |
| 23Darrell Wallace Jr. | 19 | 57 | 21.410 | 010 | 110 | 210 | 17.610 | 1.1%10 | — | 21.010 | 18.49 | 20.39 | 18.19 | +10.65 | 19 | 12.212 | 15.612 | 11.05 | 1.08%5 | -4.76 | 14.432 | 10.132 | -1.132 | 4.232 | +0.5531 | 143.831 | 45.4%31 | 47.1%32 | +0.0132 | 14.08s31 | 16.931 | 0.3132 | 0.0932 | 9.4%32 | 8231 | 2024: P35 from 5 · 2.23% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P4 · avg 23.0 |
| 45Tyler ReddickP | 2 | 56 | 13.69 | 09 | 19 | 59 | 14.69 | 2.0%9 | — | 13.89 | 12.89 | 12.19 | 13.49 | -1.39 | 19 | 13.812 | 10.212 | 20.65 | 0.90%5 | +1.06 | 10.132 | 10.432 | -2.432 | 6.132 | -1.7431 | 135.531 | 43.7%31 | 45.7%32 | +0.3932 | 14.93s31 | 18.031 | 0.3132 | 0.0632 | 6.3%32 | 3,0981 | 2024: P2 from 18 · led 1 · 0.90% off | 9 st · 0 W · best P2 · avg 13.6 |
| 8Kyle Busch | 20 | 56 | 9.610 | 010 | 510 | 610 | 13.410 | 2.8%10 | — | 11.610 | 9.79 | 10.79 | 8.79 | -5.510 | 69 | 17.012 | 16.612 | 21.25 | 1.06%5 | -3.76 | 16.432 | 10.532 | -1.332 | 2.932 | -2.1631 | 150.231 | 50.7%31 | 33.5%32 | +0.6232 | 15.41s31 | 18.931 | 0.3132 | 0.2532 | 15.6%32 | 7101 | 2024: P26 from 21 · led 18 · 1.51% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P2 · avg 8.3 |
| 54Ty Gibbs | 8 | 53 | 20.84 | 04 | 14 | 14 | 10.54 | 0.0%4 | — | 17.94 | 15.34 | 14.04 | 14.04 | +4.14 | 19 | 14.912 | 10.612 | 18.05 | 0.78%5 | -0.36 | 11.832 | 9.832 | -3.532 | 4.732 | +0.3931 | 143.831 | 44.0%31 | 43.5%32 | +0.2432 | 13.21s30 | 16.530 | 0.4132 | 0.0332 | 9.4%32 | 2,1491 | 2024: P5 from 8 · 1.19% off | 4 st · 0 W · best P5 · avg 20.8 |
| 3Austin Dillon | 13 | 50 | 15.510 | 010 | 110 | 210 | 14.310 | 0.3%10 | — | 16.710 | 18.69 | 19.89 | 17.89 | -0.210 | 69 | 20.112 | 23.712 | 20.25 | 1.28%5 | -5.76 | 19.032 | 9.232 | -3.332 | 1.132 | +0.6531 | 134.031 | 27.9%31 | 10.8%32 | -0.4432 | 17.25s31 | 20.531 | 0.0932 | 0.0632 | 9.4%32 | 4821 | 2024: P16 from 19 · 1.87% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P4 · avg 15.3 |
| 10Noah Gragson | 21 | 50 | 15.73 | 03 | 03 | 13 | 24.03 | 0.0%3 | — | 20.83 | 21.03 | 22.03 | 20.33 | -5.43 | 29 | 24.212 | 20.312 | 19.45 | 0.97%5 | +5.76 | 21.732 | 10.932 | +1.632 | 0.432 | +0.9031 | 141.031 | 32.4%31 | 14.5%32 | -0.0631 | 15.36s29 | 17.829 | 0.1932 | 0.1932 | 18.8%32 | 5211 | 2024: P6 from 30 · 1.72% off | 3 st · 0 W · best P6 · avg 15.7 |
| 77Carson Hocevar | 6 | 49 | 25.52 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 19.52 | 0.0%2 | — | 22.22 | 13.02 | 12.02 | 12.02 | -5.52 | 69 | 20.112 | 21.712 | 15.85 | 0.87%5 | +7.06 | 20.632 | 8.032 | +2.332 | 0.632 | +1.8431 | 119.231 | 20.5%31 | 11.0%32 | +0.2031 | 15.25s30 | 22.530 | 0.1332 | 0.1332 | 6.3%32 | 6041 | 2024: P15 from 14 · 1.59% off | 2 st · 0 W · best P15 · avg 25.5 |
| 2Austin CindricP | 11 | 49 | 21.25 | 05 | 05 | 15 | 7.25 | 0.6%5 | — | 18.95 | 22.25 | 25.25 | 21.25 | +5.45 | 29 | 18.212 | 18.812 | 18.65 | 1.05%5 | +12.36 | 14.632 | 9.432 | -5.432 | 3.732 | -0.2331 | 143.531 | 51.0%31 | 19.3%32 | -0.0431 | 13.92s30 | 16.330 | 0.3132 | 0.0932 | 9.4%32 | 3,0701 | 2024: P29 from 3 · 2.26% off | 5 st · 0 W · best P6 · avg 21.2 |
| 16Shane van Gisbergen | 34 | 48 | — | 00 | 00 | 00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 69 | 28.73 | 23.33 | 16.45 | 0.58%5 | -23.06 | 18.510 | 12.210 | -4.810 | 3.110 | +0.2010 | 172.610 | 25.0%10 | 18.9%10 | +1.069 | 12.74s10 | 16.110 | 0.4010 | 0.1010 | 20.0%10 | 01 | first start here | — |
| 14Chase BriscoeWIN | 24 | 48 | 22.37 | 07 | 17 | 17 | 15.17 | 0.4%7 | — | 21.47 | 22.17 | 18.97 | 23.17 | +3.57 | 29 | 18.012 | 15.312 | 20.85 | 0.98%5 | +12.76 | 16.032 | 10.432 | -2.632 | 2.532 | -2.6131 | 136.331 | 39.2%31 | 33.1%32 | -0.4731 | 13.96s30 | 18.230 | 0.2232 | 0.0932 | 15.6%32 | 3,0301 | 2024: P21 from 6 · led 1 · 1.85% off | 7 st · 0 W · best P4 · avg 22.3 |
| 47Ricky Stenhouse Jr. | 25 | 45 | 19.010 | 010 | 110 | 110 | 20.710 | 1.3%10 | — | 20.510 | 22.49 | 21.89 | 22.39 | -5.85 | 69 | 20.812 | 25.612 | 21.85 | 1.16%4 | -11.06 | 26.232 | 10.832 | +4.532 | 1.532 | -0.3531 | 153.231 | 30.2%31 | 12.5%32 | +0.1231 | 14.14s30 | 22.130 | 0.1932 | 0.2532 | 21.9%32 | 5431 | 2024: P17 from 13 · 2.10% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P3 · avg 18.5 |
| 99Daniel SuarezP | 23 | 45 | 20.910 | 010 | 010 | 110 | 21.710 | 3.2%10 | — | 20.810 | 21.19 | 22.89 | 22.09 | +11.66 | 69 | 15.312 | 22.312 | 22.65 | 1.53%5 | +7.76 | 20.232 | 9.632 | +1.732 | 1.932 | -0.0731 | 131.331 | 33.8%31 | 17.0%32 | -0.2331 | 16.59s31 | 17.931 | 0.3832 | 0.0332 | 6.3%32 | 3,0471 | 2024: P11 from 16 · led 15 · 1.86% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P8 · avg 20.0 |
| 41Ryan Preece | 32 | 45 | 24.89 | 09 | 09 | 09 | 24.89 | 0.0%9 | — | 24.49 | 25.97 | 28.37 | 25.17 | +8.79 | 29 | 17.812 | 24.912 | 18.45 | 1.24%5 | +14.06 | 25.632 | 9.232 | +4.732 | 0.732 | +0.8731 | 135.131 | 24.3%31 | 7.1%32 | +0.8232 | 16.06s31 | 21.031 | 0.1932 | 0.0932 | 15.6%32 | 5061 | 2024: P23 from 36 · 2.30% off | 9 st · 0 W · best P15 · avg 24.8 |
| 34Michael McDowell | 15 | 44 | 23.210 | 010 | 010 | 010 | 16.710 | 1.2%10 | — | 21.610 | 24.69 | 23.79 | 25.29 | -1.910 | 29 | 21.312 | 21.312 | 19.85 | 0.99%5 | +13.76 | 13.632 | 10.632 | -7.332 | 1.832 | -3.1331 | 125.531 | 43.6%31 | 25.2%32 | -0.4832 | 17.29s31 | 24.931 | 0.2532 | 0.1632 | 21.9%32 | 5731 | 2024: P25 from 12 · led 4 · 2.41% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P17 · avg 25.2 |
| 51Corey Lajoie | 35 | 43 | 24.810 | 010 | 010 | 010 | 27.710 | 0.0%10 | — | 23.710 | 26.99 | 25.19 | 26.19 | -4.17 | 29 | 20.812 | 25.812 | 22.85 | 0.81%5 | +3.76 | 23.632 | 9.432 | +0.632 | 0.332 | +2.6131 | 142.531 | 25.2%31 | 9.0%32 | +0.1431 | 15.29s30 | 20.230 | 0.1632 | 0.2232 | 12.5%32 | 4571 | 2024: P32 from 17 · 1.80% off | 12 st · 0 W · best P15 · avg 24.3 |
| 7Justin Haley | 16 | 41 | 21.37 | 07 | 07 | 17 | 28.07 | 0.9%7 | — | 24.27 | 25.07 | 23.97 | 23.47 | -2.77 | 69 | 18.612 | 21.912 | 23.45 | 1.54%5 | +1.06 | 29.032 | 8.132 | +6.132 | 0.232 | +0.9031 | 142.431 | 25.5%31 | 9.3%32 | +0.7532 | 16.96s31 | 25.631 | 0.2832 | 0.0332 | 6.3%32 | 4581 | 2024: P27 from 35 · 2.53% off | 7 st · 0 W · best P8 · avg 21.3 |
| 31Daniel Hemric | 33 | 39 | 20.34 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 15.34 | 0.1%4 | — | 22.94 | 31.02 | 33.52 | 27.02 | +1.04 | 69 | 21.712 | 28.112 | 26.45 | 1.21%5 | +7.06 | 28.132 | 8.532 | +5.032 | 0.232 | +1.0631 | 146.331 | 23.1%31 | 5.2%32 | +0.2532 | 14.85s31 | 24.531 | 0.2532 | 0.1332 | 9.4%32 | 4541 | 2024: P19 from 34 · led 1 · 2.38% off | 4 st · 0 W · best P17 · avg 20.3 |
| 43Erik Jones | 27 | 39 | 20.310 | 010 | 010 | 310 | 21.210 | 0.0%10 | — | 19.610 | 17.99 | 15.99 | 19.29 | -0.98 | 19 | 22.812 | 20.812 | 27.25 | 1.57%5 | -5.36 | 27.430 | 8.730 | +4.330 | 1.030 | +2.0729 | 144.429 | 19.2%29 | 5.4%30 | +0.4530 | 17.84s29 | 24.429 | 0.3730 | 0.1030 | 10.0%30 | 4551 | 2024: P14 from 22 · 2.25% off | 13 st · 0 W · best P8 · avg 20.3 |
| 71Zane Smith | 14 | 38 | 36.01 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 24.01 | 0.0%1 | — | 35.81 | 36.01 | 36.01 | 33.01 | +12.51 | 69 | 22.312 | 26.612 | 14.25 | 0.90%5 | +2.76 | 26.332 | 9.532 | +3.532 | 0.032 | +2.5831 | 118.231 | 15.8%31 | 4.5%32 | +0.3832 | 16.68s31 | 24.431 | 0.1932 | 0.0932 | 12.5%32 | 4591 | 2024: P36 from 24 · 2.81% off | 1 st · 0 W · best P36 · avg 36.0 |
| 38Todd Gilliland | 30 | 37 | 26.05 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 30.65 | 0.0%5 | — | 27.45 | 31.45 | 29.05 | 29.65 | +3.45 | 29 | 22.312 | 22.312 | 23.25 | 1.40%5 | -2.36 | 21.632 | 8.532 | +1.132 | 1.532 | -1.1331 | 153.931 | 42.9%31 | 21.6%32 | +0.1532 | 15.77s31 | 23.731 | 0.3132 | 0.1332 | 9.4%32 | 5781 | 2024: P24 from 31 · 2.40% off | 5 st · 0 W · best P23 · avg 26.0 |
| 84Jimmie Johnson | 29 | 37 | 13.36 | 06 | 16 | 16 | 14.26 | 0.0%6 | — | 14.66 | 12.52 | 16.52 | 12.52 | -5.36 | 19 | 28.812 | 22.112 | 32.85 | 2.41%5 | +1.06 | 29.07 | 4.17 | -2.67 | 0.07 | +3.297 | 59.37 | 4.3%7 | 0.1%7 | +1.177 | 17.94s7 | 24.47 | 0.007 | 0.437 | 28.6%7 | 401 | 2020: P11 from 18 · 1.04% off | 6 st · 0 W · best P5 · avg 13.3 |
| 4Josh Berry | 28 | 37 | 24.52 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 29.02 | 0.0%2 | — | 25.02 | 25.52 | 27.02 | 25.02 | +15.22 | 29 | 25.612 | 17.612 | 30.05 | 1.06%5 | +4.76 | 20.132 | 10.232 | -3.232 | 2.032 | -4.8131 | 130.331 | 36.8%31 | 31.8%31 | -0.9431 | 13.38s30 | 14.130 | 0.2931 | 0.3432 | 31.3%32 | 5051 | 2024: P20 from 26 · 2.19% off | 2 st · 0 W · best P20 · avg 24.5 |
| 15Cody Ware | 36 | 36 | 31.06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 32.86 | 0.0%6 | — | 32.46 | 33.45 | 33.65 | 33.45 | -2.03 | 29 | 29.312 | 34.312 | 17.05 | 1.34%5 | -6.36 | 34.18 | 9.58 | +13.18 | 0.38 | +7.508 | 189.08 | 15.7%8 | 4.0%8 | -1.258 | 12.65s8 | 18.18 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 12.5%8 | 1301 | 2023: P35 from 30 · 6.10% off | 6 st · 0 W · best P26 · avg 31.0 |
| 21Harrison Burton | 31 | 35 | 23.65 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 24.85 | 0.0%5 | — | 24.75 | 28.65 | 25.85 | 27.25 | — | 29 | 26.612 | 24.412 | 27.25 | 1.41%5 | -4.36 | 25.032 | 8.732 | -1.132 | 0.632 | +0.7431 | 137.331 | 24.2%31 | 5.4%32 | -0.6831 | 14.55s30 | 20.330 | 0.2832 | 0.2232 | 18.8%32 | 2,0641 | 2024: P30 from 29 · 2.48% off | 5 st · 0 W · best P16 · avg 23.6 |
| 42John Hunter Nemechek | 26 | 32 | 22.03 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 27.03 | 0.0%3 | — | 20.63 | 23.33 | 17.33 | 23.33 | -1.73 | 19 | 27.812 | 29.712 | 29.85 | 1.68%5 | +2.76 | 27.432 | 8.332 | +1.832 | 0.732 | +0.4531 | 112.331 | 13.6%31 | 7.9%32 | +0.0232 | 17.79s31 | 22.431 | 0.3132 | 0.3432 | 18.8%32 | 3941 | 2024: P22 from 27 · 2.20% off | 3 st · 0 W · best P20 · avg 22.0 |
Ranked by the form index: a 0–100 composite of the driver's record here, at similar tracks and in the last five races, with pace, pit crew and penalties. Hover for the definition.